1imperial five punishments of feudal China, up to Han times: tattooing characters on the forehead 墨, cutting off the nose 劓, amputation of one or both feet 刖, castration 宫|宫, execution 大辟
2Han dynasty onwards: whipping 笞, beating the legs and buttocks with rough thorns 杖, forced labor 徒, exile or banishment 流, capital punishment 死