1(of a thought or image) to come to mind
2(of a smile etc) to appear (on sb's face)
3(of a problem etc) to emerge
Examples
tā他shuō说de的shí hou时候，wǒ我nǎo脑zhōng中fú xiàn浮现chū出le了huà miàn画面。
他说的时候，我脑中浮现出了画面。
As he spoke, pictures came into my mind.
画这幅画的时候你脑海中浮现出了什么图像？
What image did you have in mind as you painted this picture?